The Victoria Falls RainforestThe Victoria Falls Rainforest, as it has become known, is an area of dense woodland vegetation supported and nourished by the constant spray from the waterfall.
The main section of the Rainforest extends only over a small section of the Victoria Falls Park, at its western end, on Cataract and Livingstone Islands on the lip of the Falls, and opposite the Main Falls, on the Zimbabwe side, where the never ending rain from the shadow of the Falls supports the development of a rich and diverse plant community. This diverse flora in turn supports a varied diversity of insects, amphibians, birds and mammals. Further along the lip of the Falls, opposite the eastern half of the Falls and towards Danger Point, the water seasonally dries up and there is only heavy rainfall from the spray during high water periods. In these sections the developed forest flora of the Rainforest are absent and grass, bush and scrub dominate. Read a personal account on visiting the Victoria Falls Rainforest In the shadow of the FallsIn the main gorge of the Falls, as the tumbling waters of the Zambezi River fall into the void, the spray they produce is buffeted upwards by currents of air that rise up from the bottom. As the spray rises the small droplets condense and fall, creating the localised areas where it appears to constantly rain. Rivulets and small streams run over the saturated soil and back down the almost vertical cliffs of the chasm, only to be caught by the gusts of wind as they fall and blown back up into the air.
These gusts of wind are enough to prevent many trees and shrubs from growing on the edge of gorge - there are no trees or shrubs hanging over into the gorge itself, and the main rainforest flora develops a few metres back from the edge, leaving a grassy fringe area where only grass and herbaceous species grow. The clouds of spray which are forced up from the gorge and rise into the sky are a permanent feature of the Victoria Falls. Best seen in the early morning cool air, the column of spray is often viewable from many miles away, although its height and visibility vary greatly due to local conditions, and of course the volume of the Zambezi’s flow. Under its shadow the near constant rainfall supports an area of dense vegetation which remains green throughout the dry season, the Victoria Falls Rainforest. Formation of the RainforestWhilst the rainforest does support a varied and diverse flora, it is not, in ecological terms, a proper rainforest, but instead an extension of the natural river-bank, or riverine fringe, flora of the Zambezi in this region, and dependent on the spray from the waterfall for its formation. Many of the tree and shrub species found in the rainforest are for example also found along the river banks and islands upstream of the Falls. Downstream of the Falls the precipitous nature of the gorges prevent the formation of this riverine fringe.
This riverine fringe community is found along most rivers in south central Africa and wider tropical zones where conditions allow, suggesting that these plant communities are remnants of a once much more extensive higher rainfall vegetational community which covered the region during wetter periods in the not so distant geological past.
The rainforest has also evolved and migrated over time, and has progressed upstream with the waterfall as it has carved its way through the solid basaltic rock to create the twisting Batoka Gorge. The spray from the Falls must have varied in magnitude during the different stages of the erosive process, and the current area of rainforest is thought to be small compared previous extents. As the river continues to erode down into its bed and begins to cut a new fall-line, the current area of rainforest will dry out and die as the conditions favourable to its formation move with the Falls, and new rainforest areas will develop. Already the areas around the Devil’s Cataract are developing characteristics of this rich flora. Below is a video of the different sections of the Victoria Falls during the high water season. You can see how the rainforest changes as you go along your tour, how the spray shoots up and creates rain, and how intense it can get towards the eastern side of the Falls, towards Danger Point. In contrast, the below video is of the Falls during low water (taken in early December 2018). There isn't as much spray of-course, and the view of the waterfall is easier. You can see the full height of the cliffs, as well as the area beyond Danger Point. On a sad and troubling note, genuine Rainforests throughout the world are in danger from deforestation and destruction, which has far reaching implications affecting all of us living on this planet. I found this interesting article entitled "Our RainForests are in Peril" please read it.
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